Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has studied jade. In the thousand-character text, there is a saying that “Jin Sheng Li Shui, Yu Yu Kun Lun”, China is probably the only country with a long and long jade culture, and the earliest exploitation and utilization of natural jade resources in the world. One of the countries. The earliest jade artifacts that appeared in China with civilizations are about 10,000 years old. As early as the Neolithic Age, the ancestors under the Kunlun Mountains discovered and began to use Hetian jade. After gradually developing, it appeared between 8000 and 3500 years ago. The splendid "Jade Age", the predecessor of the famous "Silk Road" is the "Jade Road" formed in the process of transporting Hetian jade to the West.

Hetian jade belongs to the hornblende jade, which is mainly composed of minerals of the Tremolite-Actimolite-like series. In geology, Hetian jade is defined as: formed by contact between magmatic marble and medium-acid magmatic rock, including white, green, cyan, cyan, black, sugar, yellow, etc., in white, Green Hetian jade is representative. In the local standard of DB65/T035-2010 "Hetian jade" released by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 2010, the concept of Hetian jade is: Hetian jade refers to the special cause of microcrystals in the area of ​​Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain in the administrative region of Xinjiang. Jade stone dominated by cryptocrystalline tremolite (1).

I. Hetian jade mineral characteristics

1. The main mineral composition of Hetian jade is tremolite, and the minor minerals are actinolite and diopside, talc, serpentine, chlorite, epidote, oblique zoisite, coarse crystalline tremolite, Forsterite, dolomite, quartz, magnetite, pyrite, apatite, garnet, magnesium iron spinel, chrome spinel, etc. (2), its chemical formula is: Ca2 (Mg, Fe 5Si8O22(OH)2, the chemical composition of the isomorphous series is Ca2Mg5(Si4O11)2(OH)2-Ca2Fe5(Si4O11)2(OH)2, in which Mg and Fe can be completely isomorphic (3) The intermediate product of these two endmembers is our common Hetian jade.

2. The main constituent minerals of Hetian jade are tremolite and actinolite, which exist in the form of aggregates. Both of these minerals belong to the monoclinic system, and the common crystal forms are fibrous, long columnar, and blade-like.

3. Hetian jade's mineral particles are very small, dense and uniform, and have a fiber-entangled structure. Therefore, Hetian jade has high toughness, and its toughness is second only to black diamond in natural minerals. The morphology, size and particle distribution of Hetian jade mineral granules determine its felt-like interweaving structure (microscopic cryptocrystalline structure), micro-bladed crystal structure, micro-fibrous crystal structure, micro-fibrous cryptocrystal Several structural methods, such as qualitative structure, microscopic cryptocrystalline structure, microscopic radial or braided structure.

4. Hetian jade produces three kinds of deposits: contact metasomatism (skarn) type deposits, and its ore body occurs in the contact zone between medium-acid intrusive rocks and dolomitic carbonate rocks, such as Xinjiang Kunlun Mountains. The jade produced by the jade; the hydrothermal metasomatic type of jade deposit, whose ore body is produced in the ultrabasic rock mass, such as the jade produced in the Manas region of Xinjiang; the Hetian jade deposit, from the original Hetian jade deposit or the rock containing Hetian jade The body is formed by weathering and mineralization, including residual slope type, alluvial type, glacial deposit type nephrite deposit, etc., and is distributed in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang.

Second, the main geological distribution characteristics of Hetian jade in Xinjiang

The Hetian jade deposit is mainly distributed in the northern part of the Kunlun Mountains, followed by the Altun Mountains, generally located at an altitude of 3300-4600 m, and is distributed in the northwest-east-north-eastward direction.

Main geological distribution characteristics of Hetian jade in Xinjiang

1. Hetian jade in the northern part of Kunlun Mountain

In the northern part of the Kunlun Mountains, from Tashkurgan in the west, through Shache, Yecheng, Hetian, Yutian, and east to the southwest of Lop Nur (4), the Hetian jade belt stretches over 1,000 kilometers, of which there are many important economic values. Mine point. According to the distribution of the Hetian jade deposit, there are Shache and Yecheng in the west, Hetian and Yutian in the middle, and densely distributed areas such as Heshang and Ruoqiang in the east. It can be seen that the distribution of Hetian jade in Xinjiang is characterized by “two ends”. One middle, and the fine texture of Hetian jade is mostly from the central Hetian and Yutian areas.

1), Shache-Yecheng area

This area is located between 76° and 78° east longitude. It belongs to the pre-Sinian uplift area between the Tashkurgan River and the Tituna River. (4) The Hetian jade deposit has been developed in Tashkurgan County and Yecheng County. In Shache County, the structural line of this area is northwest. The Hetian jade mine is located on the side of the secondary fault of the pre-Sinian uplift. Among them, large-scale development of magmatic marble, Hualixi diorite and granite are also developed, and the contact between magma marble and intrusive rock mass It is the geographical condition for the formation of Hetian jade.

According to historical records, Hetian jade developed and utilized in ancient times is distributed in the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain. From the west to the east, there are the ancient Yeeryu jade mine (Shache County), the ancient Miershan jade mine (Pishan County), and the ancient green jade river. , Wuyu River (Moyu), ancient Baiyu River (and 阗), ancient Yuyu mine (Yu 阗) and so on.

1 ancient Yeer jade mine

The ancient Yeer City is now the Shache County, and the Yeer River (formerly known as “Yuhe”) was once an important place for Hetian jade. There are more than 5 tons of high-quality jade per year. According to Chen Xing Ji Yu records: "The jade body is like gelatin, the essence of light is rich, the quality is thick and warm, the pulse is tight, and the sound is loud."

Datong jade mine is located in Tashkurgan, about 120 kilometers southwest of Xiansha County, in the upper reaches of the Yarkant River. The marble and Precambrian schist are distributed and granodiorite intrusion. There are about 9 jade ore bodies, which are lens-shaped, vein-like, about 1.4-18 meters long, and about 0.1-0.6 meters thick. They are produced in serpentine wollastonite translucent petrochemical marble lens. The output is dominated by Hetian jade jade, from Tashkurgan to the east to the border of Yecheng County, and there is a similar Hetian jade deposit, some of which have been mined.

2 Gumir Yuyu Mine

The Gumir Yuyu Mine is located in the south of the current Shache County. It is probably the largest and earliest primary deposit ever discovered in Xinjiang. It is mainly composed of sapphire, characterized by texture. Excellent size. The national treasure-level "Dayu Water Control Map" and Tian Yushanzi ornaments are 2.24 meters high, 0.96 meters wide, and weigh 5330 kilograms. They are made of a large piece of jade carving produced by the Milwayu jade mine during the Qing Emperor Qianlong period.

In the vicinity of the Gumir Qishan jade mine, there is a primary deposit near the northern slope of the Xinzang Highway in Pishan County and the upper reaches of the Karakash River. The exposed strata in the mining area are biotite schist, hornblende gneiss, marble, crystalline limestone, diorite intrusion, ore body, saclike, lens-like, produced in marble or tremolite marble. The jade produced mainly is white jade and sapphire.

2) Hotan-Yutian area

This area is located between 78° and 82° east longitude. On the two sides of the Sinian uplift belt before the northern part of the Kunlun Mountains, the tectonic line is bounded by the east longitude 81°, the east is the northeast direction, and the west is the northwest direction. More. The magmatic rock in the layer of the Hetian jade deposit is a medium-acid intrusive rock in the late Hualixi, in the contact zone between magmatic rocks and carbonate rocks, especially in the dolomite marbles that are contacted by small diorite veins. There is often the formation of jade mines.

Yuxi is the name of the ancient Western region, including the current Yutian, Cele, Hetian, Luopu, Moyu and other regions. These areas have a huge stock of Hetian jade, and they also have original jade and jade sand mines. The jade produced is complete in color. White jade, sapphire, green white jade, ink jade, topaz and so on. The ancient white jade river is the Jade River of the Yuxi, now known as the “Jade Dragon Kash River”. The ancient Wuyu and Moyu Rivers are the Harahash River, now known as the “Kala Kashi River”. The main development and utilization is the Hetian jade mine. The original jade mine is second. In the Qing Dynasty, the development and utilization of Hetian jade in the Qing Dynasty was only one of the only in the Palace Museum in Beijing, such as the large bowl of green jade poems, the ornaments of white jade tongs, and the sapphire.

Located in the southeastern part of Yutian County, the Alamasi jade mine is about 4,500-5,000 meters above sea level. It is a rare white jade mine in the world. It is also the main producer of high-quality white jade and green white jade in the past 100 years. The traffic at this mine is very inconvenient. From Yutian County to Liushi Village, about 80 kilometers of vehicles can pass. From the village to the mine, there are about 40 kilometers. Only the camel path, coupled with the high altitude, causes the air to be thin and the climate. Cold, people are hard to come by. The upper layer of the Alamas jade mine mainly produces white jade and a small amount of white jade. The middle layer mine mainly produces blue and white jade. The output of white jade is reduced. The lower layer mainly produces jade, and the white jade and white jade produce very little. This distribution law is closely related to the Hetian jade metallogenic conditions. The distance from the magma intrusion determines the color of Hetian jade, the white color away from the magma intrusion, and the cyan near the magma intrusion.

In recent years, the original mine was discovered in the upper reaches of the Yulong Kashi River and in the valley of the Agju Valley in Heishan County, Hetian County. Although there are some clues, the altitude is about 5,000 meters. The two sides are cliffs and the valleys are glaciers. The primary mines are completely covered by ice and snow. Can not be mountaineering and surveying, can only find some scattered jade blocks in the ice and snow ablation, the jade mine is still a mystery.

2. Hetian jade in the Altun area

This area is located between 82° and 84° east longitude. The Hetian jade deposit is distributed in the high mountain area on the northern slope of the western section of the Altun Mountains at an altitude of about 3,500 to 4,500 meters (5). The Altun Mountains pass through Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and other provinces. They are located between the Tarim Basin and the Qaidam Basin. They are about 750 kilometers long and run northeast, connecting with the Qilian Mountains.

Hetian jade in the Altun area is also produced in the contact zone between the intermediate-acid intrusion and the Precambrian magnesia carbonate rocks in the late Hualixi area, and the intrusive rocks in the exposed strata are the late Hualixi granite. The formation of the Hetian jade mine in the area is the result of the gas and aqueous solution after the granite period rising along the contact zone between the intrusion and the surrounding rock and the fracture zone, and the result of the replacement with the magmatic marble. The type of jade produced is mainly white jade. And sapphire.

The Tatlerkesu jade mine is located 125 kilometers southeast of the county town of Qiemo, and is produced in the contact zone between the gneissic granite and the dolomite marble. The mine has a large output, the jade material is large, and the jade is excellent. It has produced more than 100 tons of high-quality jade in the past 30 years. The jade produced by the mine has the largest amount of blue and white, followed by cyan and a small amount of white. The white jade “five towers” ​​carved in the Museum of Chinese Arts and Crafts is now carved from a piece of high-quality white jade of about 420 kilograms produced in the mine in 1983.

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